The Fight for Fertility Equality

　　争取生育平等

　　1. While plenty of New Yorkers have formed families by gestational surrogacy, they almost certainly worked with carriers living elsewhere. Because until early April, paying a surrogate to carry a pregnancy was illegal in New York state.

　　很多纽约人通过代孕有了孩子，但是他们找的代孕母亲一般都是国外的，因为直到今年四月初，花钱请代孕在纽约都是违法的。

　　2. The change to the law, which happened quietly in the midst of the state’s effort to contain the coronavirus, capped a decade-long legislative battle and has laid the groundwork for a broader movement in pursuit of what some activists have termed “fertility equality.”

　　与此相关的法律修改是在纽约努力抗击新冠疫情的过程中悄然发生的，这为此前长达十年的立法斗争画上了句号，也为一些活动人士所称的追求“生育平等”的更广泛运动奠定了基础。

　　3. Still in its infancy, this movement envisions a future when the ability to create a family is no longer determined by one’s wealth, sexuality, gender or biology.

　　“生育平等”运动目前还在起步阶段，它预设了这样一个未来：能否生育孩子不再由财富、性能力、性别或其他生理因素决定。

　　4. “This is about society extending equality to its final and logical conclusion,” said Ron Poole-Dayan, the founder and executive director of Men Having Babies, a New York nonprofit that helps gay men become fathers through surrogacy. “True equality doesn’t stop at marriage. It recognizes the barriers L.G.B.T.s face in forming families and proposes solutions to overcome these obstacles.”

　　纽约非营利组织男人生孩子（Men Having Babies）创始人和执行董事罗恩·普尔-达扬说，“这是社会平等最后会如何发展的合理结论。真正的平等在婚姻方面也应该实现。“生育平等”运动看到了LGBT群体在建立家庭方面面临的障碍并就此提出了方案。”

　　5. The movement is led mostly by L.B.G.T.Q. people, but its potential to shift how fertility coverage is paid for could have an impact on straight couples who rely on surrogates too.

　　“生育平等”运动主要是由LGBT人士领导的，但是该运动可能会推动生育保险改革，这对依赖代孕的异性恋夫妻也会产生深远影响。

　　6. Mr. Poole-Dayan and others believe infertility should not be defined as a physical condition but a social one. They argue that people — gay, straight, single, married, male, female — are not infertile because their bodies refuse to cooperate with baby making. Rather, their specific life circumstances, like being a man with a same-sex partner, have rendered them unable to conceive or carry a child to term without medical intervention. A category of “social infertility” would provide those biologically unable to form families with the legal and medical mechanisms to do so.

　　普尔·达扬和其他一些人认为，不孕症不仅仅只是指身体上的不能生育，还应该涉及到一些社会的因素.他们认为，人们(包括同性恋、异性恋、单身、已婚、男性、女性)之所以不能生育，并不仅仅是身体的原因。他们特殊的生活环境使得他们在没有医疗干预的情况下无法怀孕或实现足月分娩，比如那些有同性伴侣的男性。提出“社会性不育”这样的分类将为那些在生理上无法组建家庭的人提供建立家庭的法律和医疗机制。

　　7. “We have this idea that infertility is about failing to become pregnant through intercourse, but this is a very hetero-centric viewpoint,” said Catherine Sakimura, the deputy director and family law director of the National Center for Lesbian Rights. “We must shift our thinking so that the need for assisted reproductive technologies is not a condition, but simply a fact.”

　　国家女同性恋权利中心的副主任兼家庭法主任Catherine Sakimura说:“我们之前将不孕定义为无法通过性交怀孕，但是这是一种以异性恋为中心的定义。我们必须改变我们的思维，让辅助生殖需求不再只是疾病，而是一个事实。”

　　8. Fertility equality activists are asking, at a minimum, for insurance companies to cover reproductive procedures like sperm retrieval, egg donation and embryo creation for all prospective parents, including gay couples who use surrogates. Ideally, activists would also like to see insurance cover embryo transfers and surrogacy fees. This would include gay men who would transfer benefits directly to their surrogate.

　　生育平等活动人士要求保险公司至少为所有准父母(包括使用代孕的同性恋夫妇)提供精子提取、卵子捐赠和胚胎创造等生殖程序的保险。理想情况下，活动家们还希望保险能够包括胚胎移植和代孕费用。这将包括男同性恋者，他们可以直接将保险金给他们请的代孕母亲。

　　9. In Delaware and New Hampshire there is limited insurance coverage for these services, but the requirements make it nearly impossible for L.G.B.T.Q. people to qualify for it. The goal of the movement is coverage for all people in the United States.

　　特拉华州和新罕布什尔州有提供有限的代孕保险，但是其申请要求使得LGBT人群几乎不可能获得资格。“生育平等”运动的目标是将相关服务保险扩展到覆盖所有美国人。

　　10. “This entire process falls far outside the way insurance companies traditionally think about health coverage,” said Ms. Sakimura, who helped draft legislation in 2013 to ensure existing fertility services are equally accessible for L.G.B.T.Q. people in California. “They cover a person and their body, but surrogacy requires companies to shift that coverage onto someone else’s body.”

　　2013年，Sakimura女士曾帮助起草法律，以确保LGBT群体能够获得加州现有生育服务。她说，“整个过程远远和保险公司对健康保险的传统认知完全不一样。传统健康保险涉及的是一个人及其身体，而代孕保险则要求保险公司将保险服务转移到其他人的身体上。”

　　11. Davina Fankhauser, the co-founder and president of Fertility Within Reach, a nonprofit, said, “There is precedent for medical procedures to be performed on a non-covered person by another subscriber’s insurance on a limited basis. Most commonly, we see this practice with living organ donation.”

　　非营利组织Fertility Within Reach的联合创始人兼总裁Davina Fankhauser说，“在有限制的基础上，没有健康保险的人使用别人的健康保险是有先例的，活体器官捐赠就是很常见的例子。”

　　12. Miguel Aguilera is a 36-year-old Marine Corps captain who served in Afghanistan and Iraq. Because of injuries sustained in combat, Captain Aguilera, who is gay, qualifies for fertility services, like in vitro fertilization, from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.

　　米格尔·阿奎莱拉是一名36岁的海军陆战队上尉，曾在阿富汗和伊拉克服役。由于在战斗中受伤，身为同性恋的阿奎莱拉上尉有资格获得美国退伍军人事务部提供的生育服务，包括体外受精。

　　13. In 2018 Captain Aguilera, who is stationed at a Marine Corps base in Jacksonville, N.C., began thinking about fatherhood and taking advantage of his benefits. But “the V.A. told me they only offer these procedures to male soldiers who are married to women,” he said, referring to services like testing, hormone therapy and artificial insemination, and that surrogacy was not a covered benefit.

　　2018年，驻扎在北卡罗来纳州杰克逊维尔海军陆战队基地的阿奎莱拉上尉想要充分利用他的福利，成为一名父亲。 “但退伍军人事务部告诉我，他们只向与女性结婚的男性士兵提供这些服务，”他说。退伍军人事务部称，生育服务包括的是检测、激素治疗和人工授精等服务，代孕服务并不包括在内。 

　　14. The policy dictated that the couple must not only be married, but also that one partner “must have an intact uterus and one functioning ovary,” while the other “must be able to produce sperm.”

　　这项政策规定，夫妻双方必须结婚，而且一方“必须拥有完整的子宫和功能健全的卵巢”，而另一方“必须能够提供精子”。

　　15. “But what about gay men?” Captain Aguilera said. “Why aren’t we on equal footing? The whole process made me feel like giving up my dream of becoming a parent.”

　　阿奎莱拉说，“那男同性恋呢?为什么我们不是平等的?整个过程让我觉得我好像要放弃我成为父亲的梦想了。”

　　精读解析

　　P1—P2：纽约代孕合法化为生育平等活动奠定基础。

　　P3—P11：生育平等活动的相关情况：（1）该活动想要解决的问题：LGBT群体拥有孩子建立家庭方面面临困境（P3—P4）；(2) 该活动对异性恋也会产生深远影响（P5）；（3）该活动对“不孕“的定义：不孕不仅仅只是一种生理问题，还有社会因素在里面(P6-P7)。（4）该活动的诉求：健康保险覆盖到代孕相关服务，在代孕中该保险可以转移到代孕母亲的身上（P8—P11）。

　　P12—P15：同性恋在使用代孕保险服务的时候遇到的困境：以米格尔·阿奎莱拉为例。

　　gestational/dʒe'steiʃənəl/妊娠期的

　　【例句】

　　Pregnancy associated breast cancer (PABC) is a breast cancer diagnosed during the gestational or lactational period or in the year following birth.

　　分析怀孕期发生的乳癌的诊断、治疗与预后。

　　surrogacy  ['sʌrəɡəsi] n. 替身代孕；代孕行为

　　【同根】

　　Surrogate n. 替代;代理

　　【例句】

　　Following the negative exposure, the government banned commercial surrogacy.

　　因为这种负面影响曝光，政府禁止商业代孕。

　　cap/kæp/ n. 帽子；盖vi. 脱帽致意vt. 覆盖；胜过；给…戴帽；加盖于

　　【短语】

　　to cap it all 更加；更有甚者

　　salary cap 工资上限

　　【例句】

　　He picked his cap up from the floor and stuck it back on his head.

　　他从地板上捡起帽子，重新戴在头上。

　　groundwork/'graʊn(d)wɜːk/ n. 基础工作;准备工作

　　【例句】

　　A preliminary groundwork must be laid this year.

　　今年要打好初步基础。

　　in pursuit of 追求, 寻求

　　【例句】

　　He was unrelenting in his pursuit of legal mandate.

　　他坚决要求得到合法的托管权。

　　fertility/fə'tɪlɪtɪ/ n. (土地的)肥沃；肥力；丰产；繁殖力；(思想等的)丰富

　　【同根】

　　infertility n. 不肥沃,不毛

　　fertilize vt. 施肥adj. 可施肥的;可受精的n. 施肥

　　fertilizer n. 肥料, 化肥

　　fertile adj. 多产的, 富饶的

　　fertilization n. 受精, 受胎；受精行为[现象]；受精过程, 受孕过程

　　【例句】

　　A green manure is a crop grown mainly to improve soil fertility.

　　种植绿肥作物主要是为使土壤更加肥沃。

　　infancy /'ɪnf(ə)nsɪ/ n. 婴儿期；幼年；初期

　　【例句】

　　Space exploration is still in its infancy.

　　宇宙探索仍处于初级阶段

　　envision/en'vɪʒ(ə)n/ vt. 想像,展望

　　【例句】

　　Parts of the envisioned scheme seem impractical.

　　设想中的项目的某些部分似乎不切实际。

　　cooperate with 与…合作

　　further cooperation with 和…进一步合作

　　in cooperation with 与…合作

　　【例句】

　　Flynn's agreed to cooperate with the ongoing investigation.

　　弗林表示愿意配合调查。

　　render/'rendə/ vt. 报答; 归还; 给予；呈递; 提供; 开出；演出; 扮演; 演奏

　　【短语】

　　account rendered [经]结欠清单

　　render services 提供服务

　　render an account 报帐；开送账单

　　【例句】

　　This renders it unnecessary for me to do anything.

　　这使我无需做任何事情。

　　intervention /ɪntə'venʃ(ə)n/ n. 介入, 干涉, 干预

　　【例句】

　　The government's intervention in this dispute will not help.

　　政府对这场争论的干预不会起作用。

　　intercourse/'ɪntəkɔːs/ n. 交流, 交往, 交际

　　【例句】

　　A friendly intercourse is opened between the most remote parts of the world.

　　相距极远的两国开始了一种亲睦的邦交。

　　hetero-centric 以异性恋为中心的

　　reproductive/ˌriːprə'dʌktɪv/ adj. (生物)生殖的

　　【例句】

　　The male reproductive organs are exterior to the body.

　　男性生殖器在身体的外部。

　　at a minimum最低限度

　　【例句】

　　At a minimum this would mean, for instance, that Amazon would have to spin off its private brands, in particular Amazon Basics.

　　至少，这意味着，例如，亚马逊将不得不剥离其私有品牌，特别是Amazon Basics。

　　retrieval/rɪ'triːvl/ n. 重获,取回,检索,挽回,恢复

　　【例句】

　　This represents retrieval strength, which does fade with time.

　　这就代表着检索能力，它会随着时间的流逝而减弱。

　　egg donation捐卵

　　embryo/'embrɪəʊ/ n. [动]胚胎；[植]胚芽；初期adj. 初期的；胚胎的

　　【例句】

　　They are engaging in an embryo research.

　　他们正在进行一项胚胎研究。

　　prospective parent准父母

　　accessible /ək'sesəb(ə)l/ adj. 容易取得的，容易获得的，容易达到的；可接近的，可进入的；易接近的，易进入的

　　【例句】

　　The island is accessible only by boat.

　　这座岛只能坐船去。

　　precedent /'presɪd(ə)nt/ n. 先例；前例adj. 在前的；在先的

　　【同根】

　　precedented adj. 有先例(可援)的

　　precedential adj. (作为)先例的

　　precedentless没有前例的

　　unprecedented adj. 前所未有的, 无前例的

　　【例句】

　　The judge ruled contrary to all precedent in the case.

　　法官在此案的审理中违背了所有的先例。

　　in vitro fertilization体外授精；试管内授精

　　therapy/'θerəpɪ/ n. 治疗，疗法

　　【例句】

　　Heat therapy becomes a new kind of knubbly therapy measure.

　　肿瘤热疗已成为一种新的治疗肿瘤的方法。

　　insemination /in,semi'neiʃən/ n. 授精；播种；受胎

　　【短语】

　　artificial insemination 人工受精

　　【同根】

　　inseminate vt. 使受精, 使怀孕

　　【例句】

　　Aside from adoption, the only other choice is insemination..

　　除了领养外，剩下的选择 就是接受精子捐赠。

　　dictate/dɪk'teɪt/ vt. & vi. 大声讲或读; 口授；指示; 指定; 指令n. 命令, 规定, 要求

　　【例句】

　　The new secretary takes dictation very well.

　　那位新秘书善于记录口授。

　　uterus /'juːt(ə)rəs/ n. 子宫

　　【例句】

　　That woman's uterus is harboring a stolen baby.

　　那女人的子宫里正怀着一个偷来的孩子。

　　ovary /'əʊv(ə)rɪ/ n. 子房；卵巢

　　【例句】

　　Still another drew on science, ruling that driving would damage their ovaries.

　　还有一位牧师引用科学做出裁断，开车会损害女性卵巢。

　　on an equal footing 立于平等地位；平等对待

　　【例句】

　　Countries working together on an equal footing is how we reduce the risk of conflict.

　　国家之间平等协作是降低冲突风险的一大途径。