近日，词典网站Dictionary.com公布了2023年度词汇：Hallucinate。
巧了，剑桥词典公布2023年度词汇也是这个词。
📍hallucinate /həˈluː.sɪ.neɪt/ 表示“（由于生病、吸毒）幻听，幻视，产生幻觉”，英文解释为“to seem to see, hear, feel, or smell something that does not exist, usually because you are ill or have taken a drug”举个🌰：Mental disorders, drug use, and hypnosis can all cause people to hallucinate. 精神失常、吸毒和催眠术都可以使人产生幻觉。
📍在人工智能（AI）的语境下，AI‘产生幻觉’，即表示AI“生成虚假信息”。
LearnAndRecord
🤔️小作业：
1. How has the meaning of "hallucinate" evolved in the context of technology?
A) From a medical term to a technological jargon.
B) From a psychological phenomenon to a machine learning concept.C) From a literary expression to a computing term.
D) From an everyday word to a specialized technical term.
2. What approach did Dictionary.com use to choose its Word of the Year?
A) Conducting public surveys and polls.B) Analyzing global news and media trends.
C) Reviewing search data and discussions within the team.
D) Consulting with renowned linguists and language experts.
Can you guess the Dictionary.com 2023 word of the year?Hint: AI might get it wrong
From: USA TODAY
This year, artificial intelligencedominatedpublicdiscourse, from the discoveries of what large language models like ChatGPT arecapableof, toponderingtheethicsof creating an image of Pope Francisin holy drip.
今年，人工智能成为公众讨论的热点，话题从探讨ChatGPT这类大语言模型的潜能，到思考生成教皇方济各穿着时尚服饰照片的伦理问题，不一而足。
hint
hint /hɪnt/ 作名词，1）表示“暗示，提示，示意”，英文解释为“something that you say or do that shows what you think or want, usually in a way that is not direct”举个🌰：He's dropped (= given) several hints to the boss that he'll quit if he doesn't get a promotion. 他已经向老板暗示了好几次，如果不获得升职他就会辞职。
2）表示“建议”，英文解释为“a piece of advice that helps you to do something”举个🌰：Could you give us a hint about how to do this exercise, please? 你能不能给我们一些关于如何做这个练习的建议？
3）表示“很少量”，英文解释为“a very small amount of something”举个🌰：There's just a hint of brandy in the sauce. 调味汁中只有很少的白兰地。
作动词，表示“暗示，示意”，英文解释为“to suggest something in an indirect way, but so that someone can guess your meaning”举个🌰：What are you hinting at? 你在暗示什么？
dominate
dominate /ˈdɒm.ɪ.neɪt/ 表示“占支配地位；占主导地位；拥有优势；最明显的”，英文解释为“To dominate a situation means to be the most powerful or important person or thing in it.”举个🌰：The book is expected to dominate the best-seller lists. 这本书预期将居畅销书榜首。
discourse
1）表示“论文；演讲”，英文解释为“a long and serious treatment or discussion of a subject in speech or writing”，如：a discourse on issues of gender equality 关于性别平等的论文。
2）表示“语篇；话语；对话；交流”，英文解释为“the use of language in speech and writing in order to produce meaning; language that is studied, usually in order to see how the different parts of a text are connected”
capable
capable /ˈkeɪ.pə.bəl/ 表示“有能力的；熟练的；能干的”，英文解释为“able to do things effectively and skilfully, and to achieve results”举个🌰：She's a very capable woman/worker/judge. 她是个很能干的女人/很熟练的工人／能力很强的法官。
📍-capable 表示“可…的，有…能力的（加在名次后形成形容词）”，英文解释为“added to nouns to form adjectives that mean able to use the stated thing”举个🌰：These are nuclear-capable aircraft (= they can carry nuclear weapons). 这些飞机可载核武器。
ponder
ponder /ˈpɒn.dər/ 表示“沉思，默想，考虑”，英文解释为“to think carefully about something, especially for a noticeable length of time”举个🌰：She sat back for a minute to ponder her next move in the game. 她在椅背上靠了一会儿，思考下一步棋该怎么走。
ethics
ethic /ˈeθ.ɪk/通常复数，表示“行为准则，伦理；（尤指）道德体系，道德规范”，英文解释为“a system of accepted beliefs that control behaviour, especially such a system based on morals”如：the work ethic 职业道德。
in holy drip
在这个上下文中，“in holy drip”是一个俚语表达，它结合了“holy”（神圣的）和“drip”（指时尚或酷炫的穿着）。通常，“drip”在俚语中用来形容一个人的穿着或风格非常时尚、吸引人。因此，“in holy drip”可以理解为以一种时尚或酷炫的方式表现出宗教或神圣的形象。这个表达方式是一种现代、非正统的方式，用以描述将宗教或神圣形象与当代流行文化中的时尚元素结合。
That is why Dictionary.com has chosen a word that captures the mystery, possibilities and limitations of AI for its 2023 Word of the Year: "Hallucinate."
正因如此，词典网站Dictionary.com选择了一个词汇来刻画人工智能的神秘性、可能性和局限性，作为其2023年度词汇：“Halluciate”。
hallucinate
hallucinate /həˈluː.sɪ.neɪt/ 表示“（由于生病、吸毒）幻听，幻视，产生幻觉”，英文解释为“to seem to see, hear, feel, or smell something that does not exist, usually because you are ill or have taken a drug”举个🌰：Mental disorders, drug use, and hypnosis can all cause people to hallucinate. 精神失常、吸毒和催眠术都可以使人产生幻觉。
📍在人工智能（AI）的语境下，AI‘产生幻觉’，即表示AI“生成虚假信息”。
The second definition under the word on Dictionary.com is "(of a machine learning program) to produce false information contrary to the intent of the user and present it as if true and factual."
词典网站Dictionary.com上该词的第二个定义是“（机器学习程序）产生与用户意图相反的虚假信息，并将其作为真实信息输出。”
Grant Barrett, head oflexicographyat Dictionary.com, told USA TODAY in an interview that theevolutionof the word in the technology spacemirrorsother words like "spam" and "virus."
Dictionary.com词典编辑负责人格兰特·巴雷特（Grant Barrett）在接受《今日美国》（USA TODAY）采访时表示，该词在技术领域的演变与“span（垃圾邮件）”和“virus（病毒）”等词相似。
lexicography
lexicography /ˌlek.sɪˈkɒɡ.rə.fi/ 表示“词典编纂”，英文解释为“the activity or job of writing dictionaries”
evolution
evolution /ˌiː.vəˈluː.ʃən/ 表示“演化；进化”，英文解释为“the way in which living things change and develop over millions of years”如：Darwin's theory of evolution 达尔文的进化论，也可以表示“发展；演变”，英文解释为“a gradual process of change and development”如：the evolution of language 语言的发展。
mirror
作动词，1）表示“反映”，英文解释为“to represent something honestly”举个🌰：The book inevitably mirrors my own interests and experiences. 这本书不可避免地反映出了我自己的兴趣和经历。
2）表示“与…很相似”，英文解释为“to be very similar to something”举个🌰：Her on-screen romances seem to mirror her experiences in her private life. 她在银幕上的浪漫故事似乎与她的私人经历很相似。
spam
spam /spæm/ 作名词，表示“垃圾邮件（通常指广告）”，英文解释为“unwanted email, usually advertisements”，作动词，表示“给…发垃圾邮件”，英文解释为“to send someone an advertisement by email that they do not want”
"It takes an older word with a different meaning but gives an a new technology spirit," Barrett said. "It also represents this unfortunatediscrepancybetween what we want to happen with technology – we want it to be perfect and great solve problems – yet it's never quite there...It's messier than we plan it to be."
“它采用了一个具有不同含义的老词，但赋予了它全新的技术内涵，”巴雷特表示。“这也反映了我们对技术的期望与现实之间的差距——我们期望技术完美无缺地解决问题，但实际上总是不尽人意。”
discrepancy
discrepancy /dɪˈskrep.ən.si/ 表示“不一致，出入，差异”，英文解释为“a difference between two things that should be the same”举个🌰：There is some discrepancy between the two accounts. 这两份账单之间有一些出入。
Origins of the technological meaning of 'hallucinate' 技术含义的起源
While AI hallucinations becamemainstreamthis year, its technological origins date back much further. In the 1970s, scientists trying to make computers read human handwriting used "hallucinate" to refer to the computer's mistakenreadings, Barrett said.
虽然人工智能生成虚假信息在今年成为热门话题，但其技术含义的起源可以追溯到更早。巴雷特指出，早在20世纪70年代，试图让计算机读取人类笔迹的科学家就使用“hallucinate”一词来指代计算机的错误读取。
mainstream
mainstream /ˈmeɪn.striːm/ 表示“（思维、思想或信念等）主流的”，英文解释为“considered normal, and having or using ideas, beliefs, etc. that are accepted by most people”举个🌰：This is the director's first mainstream Hollywood film. 这是该导演在好莱坞的首部主流影片。
reading
熟词僻义，1）表示“读数（一件测量设备所显示的数字或量值）”，英文解释为“the number or amount that a piece of measuring equipment shows”，如：a thermometer reading 温度计读数。
2）表示“理解方法；解读方法；解释”，英文解释为“the way in which you understand something”举个🌰：My reading of the situation is that she wanted any excuse to resign. 我对形势的看法是，她正在寻找理由辞职。
"Even back then they understood, 'oh we're going to borrow this term that means to see things that aren't really there, because that's what's happening with our computer stuff that we're building,'" Barrett said.
巴雷特说：“即使在那时，他们就已经明白，‘哦，我们要借用这个术语来表示看到实际上并不存在的东西，因为这就是我们正在构建的计算机技术所发生的情况。’”。
While 'hallucinate' expanded from technologicaljargonto become the word of the year, Barrett said that technology professionals are moving away from it now because it feels too human.
巴雷特表示，虽然“hallucinate”一词从技术术语发展成为年度词汇，但由于该词过于拟人化，技术专家现在正在逐渐放弃使用这个词
jargon
jargon /ˈdʒɑː.ɡən/ 表示“行话，行业术语”，英文解释为“special words and phrases that are used by particular groups of people, especially in their work”如：military/legal/computer jargon 军事/法律/计算机术语。
How Dictionary.com chose the word of the year 词典网站Dictionary.com如何评选年度词汇
Barrett said the process to choose the word of the year starts early. His colleagues share new words with one another in a group chat as they rise to popularity throughout the year.
巴雷特表示，评选年度词汇的过程很早就开始了。他的同事们在群聊中互相分享全年逐渐流行起来的新词汇。
At the end of the year, they gather up the words,parethe listdown, and compare the finalcontendersby search data.
到了年底，他们会整理这些词汇，缩减候选词汇列表，并通过搜索数据来比较最终的候选词。
pare
pare /peər/ 表示“（尤指大量地）削减，减少”，英文解释为“to reduce something, especially by a large amount”举个🌰：The three-hour play has been pared (down/back) to two hours. 这出三个小时的戏被缩短成了两小时。
contender
contender /kənˈten.dər/ 表示“竞争者；争夺者”，英文解释为“someone who competes with other people to try to win something”举个🌰：Now aged 51, he is no longer considered a serious contender for the title. 他今年51岁，人们已不再认为他是夺冠的热门人物了。
区分：
📍contestant，表示“参赛者，选手”，英文解释为：A contestant in a competition or game show is a person who takes part in it.
The team realized that AI had to be the theme of the year, and hallucinate was the word that popped out to the team.
该团队意识到人工智能必须成为今年的主题，而hallucinate则是让团队眼前一亮的词。
According to data provided by Dictionary.com, there was a 46% increase in lookups this year for hallucinate compared to last year.
根据词典网站Dictionary.com提供的数据，与去年相比，今年“hallucinate”一词的搜索量增加了46%。
Other words in the running for 2023 Word of the Year 入围2023年度词汇的其他候选词
Five other words made theshortlistfor Dictionary.com's word of the year:
词典网站Dictionary.com的年度词汇还有五个词汇入围：
shortlist
shortlist /ˈʃɔːt.lɪst/ 表示“最终候选名单，决选名单；入围名单”，英文解释为“a list of people who have been judged the most suitable for a job or prize, made from a longer list of people originally considered, and from which one person will be chosen”举个🌰：We've drawn up (= decided) a shortlist for the job. 我们已经确定了该职位的最终候选名单。
📍美式：short list是分开的。有shortlist就有longlist，意思就是“初选名单”（A long-list for something such as a job or a prize is a large group that has been chosen from all the people who applied for the job, or all the people or things that are competing for the prize. The successful ones from this group are chosen to go on the shortlist.）
同时，两个词都可以作为动词，比如shortlist作动词，表示“把…列入入围名单”举个🌰：Candidates who are shortlisted for interview will be contacted by the end of the week. 入围参加面试的求职者将在周末以前得到通知。
· Strike- This word played a major role in the news this year after several lengthy labor battles.
· Strike（罢工）-今年发生了几场漫长的劳工斗争后，该词在新闻中发挥了重要作用。
牛津词典公布2023年度词汇：Rizz
·Rizz- Dictionary.com said this word was the website's most consistently looked upslangterm.
· Rizz（魅力/性张力）-词典网站Dictionary.com表示，这是该网站上搜索量最多的俚语。
rizz
牛津词典2023年度词汇：Rizz. 根据牛津大学出版社（OUP）的说法，Rizz为新兴网络俚语，可能源于charisma（魅力）一词，是charisma的缩写形式，取其中间部分。
Rizz的定义是有风格、魅力或吸引力，或是吸引恋人或性伴侣的能力（style, charm or attractiveness, or one's ability to attract a romantic or sexual partner）。Rizz也可以用作动词，rizz up意思是吸引、诱惑或搭讪某人。中文里似乎有个说法叫“性张力”。
slang
slang /slæŋ/ 1）作名词，表示“俚语”，英文解释为“very informal language that is usually spoken rather than written, used especially by particular groups of people”如：a slang expression 一句俚语；
2）作动词，表示“谩骂”，英文解释为“to attack with angry, uncontrolled language”举个🌰：The players started slanging each other in the middle of the game. 比赛到中局阶段时，球员们开始互相谩骂。
·Wokeism- Dictionary.com called this word a "signifierof broad political opposition," and one widely used this year. The entry for "wokeism" saw a 2,300% increase in pageviews this year.
Wokeism（觉醒主义）-词典网站Dictionary.com称该词是“广泛政治反对派的象征”，也是今年被广泛使用的一个词。今年该词条的页面浏览量增加了2300%。
wokeism
wokeism = wokery /ˈwəʊ.kər.i/ 表示“警醒文化（指在种族主义和不平等等社会问题上保持警醒的态度和做法，但主要被不赞成这种文化的人使用）”，英文解释为“a way of referring to the acts and opinions of people who are especially aware of social problems such as racism and inequality, used by people who do not approve of these acts and opinions”举个🌰：A university has been attacked for "wokery gone mad" after it advised staff against using the terms "mother" and "father" to avoid bias. 一所大学因建议教职员工不要使用“母亲”和“父亲”以避免偏见而被攻击为“发了疯的警醒文化”。
signifier
signifier /ˈsɪɡ.nɪ.faɪ.ər/ 表示“符号，标记，象征”，英文解释为“something that represents a quality or idea”举个🌰：The image of Santa Claus is a cultural signifier of Christmas. 圣诞老人的形象是圣诞节的文化象征。
·Indicted- Former President Donald Trump put "indicted" in the news several times this year, leading tobumpsin related definition searches on Dictionary.com.
Indicted（被起诉）-前总统唐纳德·特朗普（Donald Trump）今年多次让该词出现在新闻中，导致词典网站Dictionary.com上相关定义的搜索量增加。
indict
indict /ɪnˈdaɪt/ 表示“控告，告发；起诉”，英文解释为“If a law court or a grand jury indicts someone, it accuses them officially of a crime.”举个🌰：Five people were indicted for making and selling counterfeit currency. 5人因制售假钞被起诉。
bump
bump /bʌmp/ 1）表示“隆起；凸块；肿块”，英文解释为“a round, raised area on a surface or on the body”，a bump in the road 路面上的凸块，举个🌰：Her bicycle hit a bump in the road and threw her off. 自行车撞上了路上的一个鼓包，她摔了下来。
2）表示“增加”，英文解释为“an increase in something”举个🌰：There had been a bump in the number of students with learning disorders. 有学习障碍的学生数量增加了。
📍hit a bump in the road，可以指遇到问题，挫折（A temporary problem, a small setback）
· Wildfire- Adevastatingfire in Hawaii and wildfires in Canada that sent smoke all over North Americansignifiedworsening weather events due to climate change, Dictionary.com said.
Wildfire（野火）-词典网站Dictionary.com指出，夏威夷的一场灾难性火灾和加拿大的野火导致整个北美烟雾弥漫，标志着由于气候变化导致的恶劣天气事件加剧。
devastating
devastating /ˈdev.ə.steɪ.tɪŋ/ 1）表示“破坏性极强的”，英文解释为“If you describe something as devastating, you are emphasizing that it is very harmful or damaging.”
2）表示“令人震惊的”，英文解释为“You can use devastating to emphasize that something is very shocking, upsetting, or terrible.”举个🌰：The diagnosis was devastating. She had cancer. 诊断结果令人震惊。她得了癌症。
signify
1）表示“表示；意味着”，英文解释为“If an event, a sign, or a symbol signifies something, it is a sign of that thing or represents that thing.”举个🌰：These were not the only changes that signified the end of boyhood. 这些不是表示男孩时代已结束的唯一变化。
2）表示“（用符号或手势）表达”，英文解释为“If you signify something, you make a sign or gesture in order to communicate a particular meaning.”举个🌰：Two jurors signified their dissent. 两个陪审员表达了他们的异议。
🎬电影《不死鸟》（Phoenix）中的台词提到：What do the circles signify? 圆圈是什么意思？
🎬电影《我，机器人》（I, Robot）中的台词提到：What does this action signify? 这个动作是什么意思？
- 词汇盘点 -
hint、 dominate、 discourse、 capable、 ponder、 ethics、 in holy drip、 hallucinate、 lexicography、 evolution、 mirror、 spam、 discrepancy、 mainstream、 reading、 jargon、 pare、 contender、 shortlist、 rizz、 slang、 wokeism、 signifier、 indict、 bump、 devastating、 signify
- 词汇助记 By ChatGPT -
At the discourse's heart, a hint of ethics dominated, making us ponder the evolution of language. As "wokeism" and "rizz" entered the mainstream, lexicography mirrored societal shifts. Reading jargon-laden texts revealed discrepancies; slang became a potent signifier, capable of bumping contenders from shortlists or, devastatingly, indicting them. "In holy drip," some hallucinated, while others parsed each word, signifying a profound evolution.
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